Reflective Account of a Literature Search Essay Example

Reflective Account of a Literature Search Essay Based on Gibbs reflective cycle The second part of my assignment was to conduct a literature search, and describe how I went about it. Week 3 of my first module Study Skills And Lifelong Learning, comprised of a session on literature searching. We were shown the university database Discovery, and Heather our course leader proceeded to explain, step by step how we can access this, on campus or from any location off campus. Discovery is a facility that allows you to search for books and journals from numerous Learning Information Services (LIS). Because the first part of my assignment was to write an essay on reflection, I used key words relevant to this topic. First of all I typed in the word reflection, but that gave me 19,065 hits. Heather advised us to be more specialised in our search, by using words that would narrow it down. I then decided to put in reflective practise in nursing, this made a huge difference and after narrowing it down even more, I ended up with 12 hits relevant to what I wanted. I felt it took me a lot longer than everyone else to get used to the system, and because the class was quite noisy, at times i was unable to hear what Heather was saying. We will write a custom essay sample on Reflective Account of a Literature Search specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Reflective Account of a Literature Search specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Reflective Account of a Literature Search specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer I did ask another student to explain certain things to me, but I felt I was distracting them from their own studies. By the end of the session I felt no clearer about doing a literature search on my own. Even though I had narrowed my search down to 12 hits, this had happened with help from another student, and I didn’t feel confident enough to know how to go about it on my own. I felt confused and overwhelmed, but I was too embarrassed to stay behind and ask for more help. Fortunately we had all been given a hand-out as well, to enable us to keep practising in our own time. When I got home I looked through the booklet, and found after reading it several times it began to sink in, I got straight back on the computer and accessed the search engine immediately. After numerous attempts, I found it was beginning to make sense, the stress and tension I felt earlier that day was beginning to subside. I decided I needed more help with literature searching, as it is an important study skill, and one that I will need to improve, and be competent at, for the next two years and beyond. I found the telephone number, for the library services department at the hospital where I work. I phoned them straight away and spoke to the head librarian. He advised me to undertake, two 1hour sessions on accessing databases I booked myself on the course for the following week. I felt I had done something constructive, and that made me feel more positive. I had asked for help instead of burrowing my head in the sand, which is how I usually react when things become more challenging. As a mature student, studying hasn’t come easy to me, as I’m sure it hasn’t to most of the other mature students. I didn’t realise prior to starting the foundation degree, how much studying it actually involved. I feel overwhelmed most of the time, learning new study skills like literature searching, referencing, academic writing and numerous others, are not things I’ve ever had to contend with before. I realise I need all these skills and many more, to succeed on this course. The only way I am going to improve, is by accessing all the help that is available, and there is a lot of help, on the university campus alone. By nature I am not a confident, outgoing person, and I feel this negative trait hinders me a lot of the time. When I think back to the session on literature searching, I could have made things a lot easier for myself. I should have sat at the front, or nearer the front, so I could have heard what Heather was saying. If I’d asked questions when I was unsure of something, I wouldn’t have fallen behind, but instead I kept quiet, and didn’t interact with the class, as I should have done. I try to keep myself motivated, by surrounding myself with books relevant to helping me improve my computer skills. Unfortunately I then find myself reading for hours on end, but taking in very little. When I did the Guide To Learning Styles (VARK) questionnaire on line, the results indicated I was a kinaesthetic learner. This means I learn better from practise or simulation, therefore watching a demonstration, or a video, would be of more benefit to me, than reading a book over and over again. This is especially true in this instance, knowing my computer skills were weak; I should have enrolled on a relevant course, prior to commencing the foundation degree. This would have given me, grounding in the basic skills required, and allowed me to improve them gradually over time. Instead I have become wary and even fearful, of information technology, to such a degree I find myself running away from it. As I reflect back on this module, my biggest barrier to future learning is myself. In order to improve and succeed at becoming an assistant practitioner, I must face my fears and embrace them. I will ask for help, as and when I need it. I will utilise the resources on web CT, and use anything that can help me achieve these goals, every learning opportunity that will benefit me. I will look into addressing my confidence issues, and what courses are available to improve these. I must learn not to be intimidated by other students, if I need to ask for help. I know that as my confidence grows, my knowledge and education will advance. Although I am not competent when using the computer, I will endeavour to improve this. As for literature searching, I’m sure once I’ve been shown by the librarian several times how to do it, I will find the whole process less daunting. All these study skills and others that I have been shown in this module, will I’m sure, become second nature to me as I progress through university. In summing up that day on literature searching, things didn’t go well from the beginning. I was already apprehensive to begin with, just the idea of sitting at a computer, in a room full of other students, made me feel anxious and uncomfortable. I should have sat near the front, and interacted more in the class, by asking questions. Looking back I’ve learnt a lot, mostly about myself. I need to develop and improve my IT skills , this is my major stumbling block, and in order to learn and develop, I must use the computer effectively. I now see the internet as my most valuable asset, and therefore I feel less stressed about my future learning needs.

Effective and Easy Tips for Writing a Thesis Introduction Successfully

Effective and Easy Tips for Writing a Thesis Introduction Successfully How to write a thesis introduction? The introductory chapter of this important academic work matters a lot and you need to complete it last (after writing other parts). However, it’s not the last paragraph that you think about. Your thesis introduction helps you create a broad outline of interesting ideas, what you want to explore, and why you decide to study a specific area. It’s the first part of your thesis and it should start your points successfully, so find out how to do that correctly. What are its definition and basic purposes? In such introductions, students describe a particular topic, state a problem, and give a brief overview of future papers. How to write a thesis introduction? As your ideas develop, feel free to update your thesis introduction and keep it in mind to guarantee that your work is on track. This paragraph should provide each reader with a good rationale for your work, why it’s important, and what it will answer. It should contain your statement of research questions and aims. Ensure that this paragraph introduces and offers a review of related literature to show the audience current knowledge while explaining a theoretical framework. If you can find any theoretical debates in the sources that you read, your thesis introduction is a great place to share your personal perspective. Indicate how your work contributes to a theoretical understanding of your subject. Basic aims to focus on Your thesis introduction should serve the following purposes: Introducing the topic you will address, research question, and aim of your study; Drawing readers’ interest by using strong examples and catchy hooks; Demonstrating practical and scientific relevance of your paper. Parts of your thesis introduction A clear thesis introduction should include these basic parts: Scope and motivation; Practical and theoretical relevance of your research; A brief description of its design; Problem statement and study objective; Current scientific situation and outline. You should read a bit more about each one. PLCAE YOUR ORDER Motivation or problem indication What is the main motive of doing your research? Check relevant ideas and look for something that interests you, as this is what will help you encourage other people to keep reading the rest of your paper. Scope Based on your problem indication and motivation, describe the chosen topic and share more background information to define the main purpose of your research. Don’t make a mistake of researching too much. It’s necessary to search for a specific niche. Practical and theoretical relevance of your research Use solid arguments and cite related articles or other sources to indicate the scientific relevance of your study. Highlight all the studies that you will use for your work and explain to the targeted audience its practical use. If you find this task hard to complete, ask friends for opinions. A current scientific situation linked to your researched theme In this part of your thesis introduction, you need to specify and briefly explain the most interesting scientific sources that relate to your chosen subject. This is how you show readers that you can support it with many studies and find a lot of relevant information. What to do next? Your problem statement, objective, and research question In your thesis introduction, describe your formulated problem statement, research question, and study objective. Use a research question to answer your problem statement. Sometimes, teachers require students to use their hypotheses instead of questions. To end up with a strong hypothesis, you first need to do your conceptual framework and write a literature review. A brief description of your research design In your thesis, you must develop a particular research design in detail, but the introduction should give only its brief summary. Where, how, and when you will do your research? Create an outline In this part of the introduction, you should briefly describe your thesis by summarizing all paragraphs and ideas. Ensure that you don’t phrase your outline repetitively. ORDER THESIS INTRODUCTION Helpful and useful guidelines Start with your research proposal because it can be an effective action plan for your future thesis introduction. Although it’s an opening section, it doesn’t mean that you need to finish this section before you start writing other parts. The more you conduct your research, the easier to succeed. Keep rewriting your thesis introduction until you get its perfect version Verb tenses and thesis introduction length To indicate what you will discuss and introduce the chosen subject, use a simple present tense. Present perfect and simple past tenses are great for any background information. There are exact requirements for the length of your thesis introduction, but you should neither write many pages nor try to squeeze everything on a single page. Writing to the point is a clever idea. You shouldn’t repeat yourself to earn high grades. 4 Excellent Ideas to Make Your Thesis Introduction Stronger Avoid saying everything at once instead of outlining your work and major arguments; Write a catchy opening sentence to hold readers’ attention; Keep your language straightforward; Avoid giving any promises that you won’t deliver later. The importance of revising and editing As with other types of academic writing, you need to rewrite and edit your thesis introduction to improve its quality. This paragraph leads readers to your research, so don’t take it lightly. Give yourself enough time to create a perfect thesis introduction because you’re most likely to write a few drafts to succeed. If you find it hard to complete this academic task, don’t hesitate to contact our professional writers and use their services.

The strategic marketing approaches that could be adopted by the hotel Essay

The strategic marketing approaches that could be adopted by the hotel industry in Songdo in South Korea - Essay Example According to the 2005 reports, there was influx of tourists from abroad at an increase of around 3.5% at 6.02 million than that of previous year 2004.3 The present chapter assumes to identify key literatures, articles and journals to study the economic situation in South Korean and the market for the hotel industry. An attempt is also made to evaluate strategic marketing theory for hotel industries. The literature about Korea's economy is broadly in agreement, it discusses the recent rapid growth promoted by foreign investment. The academic marketing literature covered for this review all emphasized the importance of targeting a specific market and proper consideration of the marketing mix, although each book presented different tactics. Korea is enriched with important and interesting two thousands year of history and culture. The Korean history is also been victimized due to division and turmoil as many other nations have been divided making it vulnerable to its neighbours from West, East and North. (Hoare and Rutt, 1999)4 The Korean journey to industrialization commenced in the 1960s with the inception of First Five Year Plan wherein the government made a deliberate shift of policy from inward looking growth strategy of import substitution to the outward looking growth strategy of export promotion. Later in 70s Korea promoted heavy and chemical industry, in 80s rationalization and liberalization of industries and labours took place, globalization in the 90s, and then the dreadful economic crisis of 1997 that ruined the economy temporarily.5 Despite the ups and downs throughout the history, South Korea has emerged has winner and one of the Asian superpower in the region. Due to its rich heritage and cultural backg round, it is not surprising that Korea is a much sought after tourist destination which provides ample employment opportunities to the Korean in field of hospitality sector. Kim, Shin and Chon (1998) state that the South Korean hotel industry has finally reached its peak after more than two decades of rapid growth in tourism following the Summer Olympic Games, and had begun to taper off at the time of writing. (http://www.allbusiness.com) Min, Min and Emam, (2002) contradicts with Kim, Shin and Chon (1998), in 1998 there was not a tapering off instead tourism grew up to 2002. As the South Korea's tourism revenue increased, the hotel industry also expanded its capacity very much by increasing the number of guest rooms and building new hotels. It has led to over building of hotels subsequently competition among hotels has increased. Thus, Hotels continue to seek new way to increase their market share in changing markets. The hotel sector has been chosen for this study because the hotel industry comprises one of the largest sectors of the tourism and hospitality industry in terms of capital investment and tourist expenditure, and hotels are major foreign cu rrency earners (Kim and Uysal 1998). Min, Min and Joo (2008) argue that South Korea's hotel industry in greater danger from competitive threats and

Factors affecting mortgage interest rates Essay

Factors affecting mortgage interest rates - Essay Example As far as the business world is concerned, people have ventured into many different ways of acquiring capital as well as property. They have gone as far as borrowing money from financing institutions as loans which they commit their real property as security. Mortgage financing institutions as a capital market has since.Mortgage is money borrowed as loan from mortgage institutions to finance real property acquisition. It is usually paid back in specified periods, installments and interest rates. There are several factors that affect these mortgage interest rates in any given transaction and they vary from one financial institution to another. Us government debt is whereby the government raises funds from the public through issuing of debt instruments to finance its projects and debts. Treasury bill rates are defined as a short-term debt instrument of one year or less issued by the government to raise money from the public. After the maturity period, the government will pay back to th e bill holder by selling him or her at a discount as matter of fact when the treasury bill interest rate increase, the mortgage interest also increases because the debt instrument encourages buying more security for the benefit of the prevailing rates. Money in circulation will hence reduce due to its demand and so fewer funds are available to facilitate property acquisition, this therefore forces the financial institution to raise mortgage interest as they are in high demand.... reases the public will invest more on the debt instrument and consequentially the mortgage interest rates increases since there will be high demand for funds for property purchasing Treasury bonds are long term debt instrument issued by the government to the public. They are issued to a period of 30 years with interest being paid quarterly to the bondholder. If the interest rate is low the public will be mean to invest on them and hence mortgage interest rate due to the fact that demand for money to finance mortgage is low. Factors arising from Federal Reserve board. Federal reserve board is a government run board to oversee the banking system in US. Federal fund rates affect the mortgage interest rate. These are rate charged on loans that are given by depository institutions overnight These interest rates lead to increase in mortgage interest rates in that for example if a depository institution lends money to another, it has to charge a certain interest. Then the receiving institution has to raise its interest rates when lending money to the public so as to offset the interest charged by the other financial institution. To effect this, the New York foundation development governs all these transactions. Federal discount rates are interest rates charged to commercial banks as well as other depository institutions for money they receive from other financial institutions operating within the Federal Reserve. These rates are usually above the prevailing market interest rates. The mortgage financial institutions, which in this case are the commercia banks, and the depository institutions will have to increase the interest rates to their clients due to the fact that they have to recover the Federal

Sino-Soviet Relations, 1958-1962 --- The Second Taiwan Strait Crisis Essay - 2

Sino-Soviet Relations, 1958-1962 --- The Second Taiwan Strait Crisis and the Sino-Soviet Split - Essay Example From all outward appearances, the 1950 Sino-Soviet alliance was impenetrable and that the two countries were engaged in a common goal to ensure that Communism was a major influence around the world. There was more than enough evidence to support this perception. Under Mao Tse-tung’s leadership, China formally aligned itself with the USSR. When the Communists in North Korea invaded the Republic of Korea, China intervened and the USSR lent military aid.1 What was perceived as an ideal and threatening partnership would not stand the test of ideological differences. This paper seeks to provide an understanding of how this seemingly ideal partnership was doomed for failure. The events leading up to, during and immediately after the second Taiwan crisis of 1958 are significant in their manifestation of just how far apart the Soviet Union and China were growing. By the 1960s, the Sino-Soviet Alliance was practically shattered as their respective ideologies and polices were increasingly at odds. The office of the US Central Intelligence Agency reported to the US’s administrators in February 1962 that: Sino-Soviet relations are in a critical phase just short of an acknowledged and definitive split. There is no longer much of a fundamental resolution of differences. In our view, the chances that such a split can be avoided in 1962 are no better than ever.2 There are a number of theories put forth by historians and political scientists attempting to understand the driving force splitting the union between the world’s two largest Communist states. Athwal argues that the US’ â€Å"nuclear superiority† put increasing pressures on Sino-Soviet relations and policies by first influencing China to obtain nuclear weapons and by forcing the Soviets to look to the West in a more amicable way. Moreover, both China and the Soviet Union had

Indonesian Ideology

Indonesian Ideology IDEOLOGY OF INDONESIA CHAPTER 1 Ideology of Indonesia I. Introduction Ideology An ideology is a set of aims and ideas that directs ones goals, expectations, and actions. An ideology can be thought of as a comprehensive vision, as a way of looking at things, as in common sense and several philosophical tendencies, or a set of ideas proposed by the dominant class of a society to all members of this society or a received consciousness or product of socialization. The main purpose behind an ideology is to offer change in society, and adherence to a set of ideals where conformity already exists, through a normative thought process. Ideologies are systems of abstract thought as opposed to mere ideation applied to public matters and thus make this concept central to politics. Implicitly every political tendency entails an ideology whether or not it is propounded as an explicit system of thought. The term ideology was born in the highly controversial, philosophical and political debates and fights of the French Revolution and acquired several other meanings from the early days of the First French Empire to the present. The word ideology was coined by Destutt de Tracy in 1796 assembling the parts idea and -logy. He used it to refer to one aspect of his science of ideas. He separated three aspects, namely: ideology, general grammar and logic, considering respectively the subject, the means and the reason of this science. He argues that among these aspects ideology is the most generic term, because the science of ideas also contains the study of their expression and deduction. Perhaps the most accessible source for the near-original meaning of ideology is Hippolyte Taines work. He describes ideology as rather like teaching philosophy by the Socratic Method, but without extending the vocabulary beyond what the general reader already possessed and without the examples from observation that practical science would require. Taine identifies it not just with Destutt De Tracy, but also with his milieu, and includes Condillac as one of its precursors. Tracy read the works of Locke and Condillac while he was imprisoned during the Reign of Terror. After we know what is ideology? From the other side, we will know analysis of ideology from politics side and another side. Many point of ideology and we can analysis about ideology. Analysis of ideology Meta-ideology posits that ideology is a coherent system of ideas, relying upon a few basic assumptions about reality that may or may not have any factual basis, but are subjective choices that serve as the seed around which further thought grows. According to this perspective, ideologies are neither right nor wrong, but only a relativistic intellectual strategy for categorizing the world. The pluses and minuses of ideology range from the vigor and fervor of true believers to ideological infallibility. Excessive need for certitude lurks at fundamentalist levels in politics, religions, and elsewhere. The works of George Walford and Harold Walsby, done under the heading of systematic ideology, are attempts to explore the relationships between ideology and social systems. David W. Minar describes six different ways in which the word ideology has been used: 1. As a collection of certain ideas with certain kinds of content, usually normative; 2. As the form or internal logical structure that ideas have within a set; 3. By the role in which ideas play in human-social interaction; 4. By the role that ideas play in the structure of an organization; 5. As meaning, whose purpose is persuasion; and 6. As the locus of social interaction, possibly. For Willard A. Mullins, an ideology is composed of four basic characteristics: 1. it must have power over cognition 2. it must be capable of guiding ones evaluations; 3. it must provide guidance towards action; 4. As stated above, must be logically coherent. Mullins emphasizes that an ideology should be contrasted with the related but different issues of utopia and historical myth. The German philosopher Christian Duncker called for a critical reflection of the ideology concept at 2006. In his work, he bring the concept of ideology into the foreground, as well as the closely connected concerns of epistemology and history. In this work, the term ideology is defined in terms of a system of presentations that explicitly or implicitly claim to absolute truth. Though the word ideology is most often found in political discourse, there are many different kinds of ideology: political, social, epistemological, ethical, and so on. Ideology as an instrument of social reproduction Ideologue: Karl Marx posits that a societys dominant ideology is integral to its superstructure. In the Marxist economic base and superstructure model of society, base denotes the relations of production, and superstructure denotes the dominant ideology (religious, legal, political systems). The economic base of production determines the political superstructure of a society. Ruling class interests determine the superstructure and the nature of the justifying ideology actions feasible because the ruling control classes the means of production. Hence the great importance of the ideology justifying a society. Chronologically, the dominant ideologies in Capitalism are: 1. classical liberalism 2. modern liberalism 3. social democracy 4. neo-liberalism Corresponding to these three capitalist stages of development: 1. extensive stage 2. intensive stage 3. contemporary capitalism (late capitalism) In the Marxist formulation of â€Å"ideology as an instrument of social reproduction† is conceptually important to the sociology of knowledge, viz. Karl Mannheim, Daniel Bell, and Jurgen Habermas. Moreover, Mannheim has developed, and progressed, from the total but special Marxist conception of ideology to a general and total ideological conception acknowledging that all ideology (including Marxism) resulted from social life, an idea developed by the sociologist Pierre Bourdieu. â€Å"Ideology has no history† while ideology has a history interleaved with the general class struggle of society. The general form of ideology is external of ideology, Ideas are material, explains his materialistic attitude, which he illustrated with the scandalous advice of Pascal toward unbelievers: kneel and pray, and then you will believe, thus highlighting that beliefs and ideas are a product of social practices, and not the reverse. However, this mustnt be misunderstood as simple behaviorism, as there may be, as Pierre Macherey put it, a subjectivity without subject; in other words, a form of non-personal liberty, as in Deleuzes conception of becoming-other. Feminism as critique of ideology Naturalizing socially constructed patterns of behavior has always been an important mechanism in the production and reproduction of ideologies. Feminist theorists have paid close attention to these mechanisms. Adrienne Rich e.g. has shown how to understand motherhood as a social institution. However, feminism is not a homogeneous whole, and some corners of feminist thought criticize the critique of social constructionist, by advocating that it disregards too much of human nature and natural tendencies. The debate, they say, is about the normative/naturalistic fallacy—the idea that just something being natural does not necessarily mean it ought to be the case. Political ideologies Many political parties base their political action and program on an ideology. In social studies, a Political Ideology is a certain ethical set of ideals, principles, doctrines, myths or symbols of a social movement, institution, class, or large group that explains how society should work, and offers some political and cultural blueprint for a certain social order. A political ideology largely concerns itself with how to allocate power and to what ends it should be used. Some parties follow a certain ideology very closely, while others may take broad inspiration from a group of related ideologies without specifically embracing any one of them. Political ideologies have two dimensions: 1. Goals: How society should work (or be arranged). 2. Methods: The most appropriate ways to achieve the ideal arrangement. Political ideologies are concerned with many different aspects of a society, some of which are: the economy, education, health care, labor law, criminal law, the justice system, the provision of social security and social welfare, trade, the environment, minors, immigration, race, use of the military, patriotism and established religion. Epistemological ideologies There are critics who view science as an ideology in itself, or being an effective ideology, called Scientology. Some scientists respond that, while the scientific method is itself an ideology, as it is a collection of ideas, there is nothing particularly wrong or bad about it. Other critics point out that while science itself is not a misleading ideology, there are some fields of study within science that are misleading. Two examples discussed here are in the fields of ecology and economics. Deep ecology and modern ecology movement appear to have adopted ecological sciences as a positive ideology. Some accuse ecological economics of likewise turning scientific theory into political economy, although theses in that science can often be tested. The modern practice of green economics fuses both approaches and seems to be part science, part ideology. Ideology and semiotic theory Ideology identifies a unitary object that incorporates complex sets of meanings with the social agents and processes that produced them. No other Term captures this object as well as ‘ideology. Foucaults ‘episteme is too narrow and abstract, not social enough. His ‘discourse, popular because it covers some of ‘ideologys terrain with less baggage, is too confined to verbal systems. ‘Worldview is too metaphysical, ‘propaganda too loaded. Despite or because of its contradictions, ‘ideology still plays a key role in semiotics oriented to social, political life. Authors such as Michael Freeden have also recently incorporated a semantic analysis to the study of ideologies. II. Pancasila We know Pancasila is our Ideology, from the research ideology Indonesia have many point of view. We can see ideology from Pancasila according Etymologist, according history, according Terminologies. Besides that we can see meaning about Pancasila from Soekarno, Muhammad Yamin, and Jakarta charter. Pancasila as an ideology as the state ideals or the ideals that became the basis for a theory or system of state for all peoples and nations of Indonesia, as well as a life goal Indonesian base on TAP. MPR XVIII/MPR/1998 of MPR Revocation of P4, emphasized that Pancasila is the foundation of the Republic of Indonesia which have carried out consistently in the life of nation and state. The word is derived from Pancasila Sansakerta (Buddhism) that is required to achieve Nirvana five Basic Doctrine, namely 1. Do not take a life of living things / Prohibited kill. 2. Do not take the goods of others / No stealing 3. Do not touch sex / Prohibited commit adultery 4. Do not say fake / forbidden to lie / lied. 5. Never mind that eliminates / prohibited liquor. Adapted by the Javanese to 5 M = Opium/ drunk, Thiet/ steal, chase after women./ Girl, Playing/ Gambling, Mateni / Kill. Pancasila words originally contained in the library of the Buddhist Tripitaka in the book where the teaching of the Buddhist is a moral teaching to reach nirvana / heaven through the contents of five Pancasila III.Historical On 01 June 1945 was Ir. Sukarnos speech without notes on the formulation of Pancasila as the Basic State. On August 17, 1945 Indonesia proclaimed independence, then the next day August 18, 1945 declared including the 1945 opening statement in which there is in it as a Basic Principle 5 State of the Pancasila as name. Since then Indonesian Pancasila became common. So although the 4th paragraph of the Preamble the Constitution contained no term 45 Pancasila is basic but the State of RI is called the term of this Pancasila interpretation (translation) especially in the context of the historical formation of the State of formula. III. Understanding of Pancasila in Terminologies Proclamation of August 17, 1945 has given birth to the State of RI State Equipment complete PPKI tools a hearing on August 18, 1945 and successfully passed the Constitution in section four which consists of opening the 4th paragraph of Pancasila formulation contained therein. Formulation of Pancasila is a legitimate and constitutional right as the basis of the state of RI PPKI passed by the representative of the entire people of Indonesia. Pancasila shaped: 1. Hierarchical (tiered) 2. Pyramid A. Pancasila by Mr. Moh Yamin is presented in the trial BPUPKI on May 29, 1945 the following contents: 1. Nationality 2. Humanism 3. Divinity 4. Democracy 5. Social Prosperity B. Pancasila by Ir. Sukarno delivered on June 1, 1945 date at the trial BPUPKI, as follows: 1. Nationalistic Indonesia 2. Humanism 3. Democracy 4. Social Prosperity 5. culture President proposes to 5 Principles can be squeezed into Trisila namely: 1. Socio National: Nationalism and Internationalism; 2. Socio Democracy: Democracy with the welfare of the people; 3. God. And still according to Ir. Soekarno Trisila still be squeezed into the Ekasila or the point is Satusila Mutual Aid. C. Five Principles according to the Jakarta Charter adopted on June 22, 1945 the following formula: 1. Belief in the Islamic obligation to run a follower-followers; 2. Humanity is just and civilized; 3. Unity of Indonesia; 4. Democracy guided by the wisdom and deliberation amongst representatives; 5. Social justice for all people of Indonesia; Conclusion of the various terms of Pancasila is a legitimate and constitutional right of Pancasila which is listed in the Preamble UUD 45, it is strengthened by the MPRS decree and Presidential Instruction No. NO.XXI/MPRS/1966. 12 dated 13 April 1968 which confirms that the pronunciation, writing and formulation of the State of RI Pancasila legitimate and correct which is as stated in the Preamble Uud 1945. After that, we can know point of view about ideology of Indonesia or Pancasila from philosophy of pancasila, the original philosophy, base on Soekarno speech, base on Soeharto speech, After we knew philosophy of Indonesia is Pancasila. In fact the definition of philosophy in the philosophy of Pancasila has been modified and interpreted differently by some philosophers Indonesia. Pancasila discourse made since 1945. Pancasila philosophy is always updated in accordance with the demand of the ruling regime, so that Pancasila is different from time to time. Originality of Pancasila philosophy. Philosophy of Pancasila and developed by Sukarno from 1955 until the end of his rule in1965. At the time of Sukarno always stated that the original philosophy of Pancasila Indonesia is taken from the culture and traditions of cultural acculturation Indonesia and India (Hindu-Buddhist), Western (Christian), and Arabic (Islamic). According to Sukarnos Belief is a native of Indonesia, Justice Social inspired by the concept of Messiah. Sukarno was never mentioned or propagandizes Unity. Thats statement It is from Soeharto version pancasila Philosophy. Based on the above explanation is understanding the general philosophy of Pancasila is the result of thinking / thinking deeply of the Indonesian people who are considered, trusted and believed to be something the truest, most just, most wise, best and most suitable for the Indonesian nation. Between distinguished religious philosophy and non-religious, is belonging. These means that Pancasila philosophy in terms of wisdom and truth to know the absolute truth that comes from God Almighty (religious truth), and both acknowledge the limitations of human capabilities, including the capacity to think. If differentiated in terms of theoretical philosophy and philosophy in a practical sense, on categories in philosophy Pancasila practical sense. This means that the philosophy of Pancasila in the conduct of thinking deeply, not only aimed at seeking truth and wisdom, not just for fulfill desire to know from people who are not inexhaustible, but also and above all the tangible results of thinking Pancasila philosophy is used as a guideline daily life . That life can achieve physical and spiritual happiness, both in this world and the Hereafter. Next measure the philosophy of Pancasila truth and terraced following: 1. Truth senses(common knowledge) 2. Scientific truth(sciences) 3. Philosophical truth(philosophy) 4. Religious truth(religion) After us understanding about Ideology, now we move to division of ideology. Ideology have two big division, they are Open Ideology and closed Ideology. 1. Opened Ideology Characteristic of open ideology is that the values and ideals are not imposed from the outside, but dug up and taken from the wealth of spiritual, moral and cultural community itself. Essence of community consensus, not created by the state, but is found in their community. Therefore, an open ideology is the property of all citizens and communities can find themselves in it. Ideology is open not only justifiable but necessary. The basic value of the modern stated of life and basic attitudes. An ideology is a natural source and is rooted in the worldview and philosophy of life of the nation. Thus, the ideology will be developed in accordance with the development of the intelligence community and national life. This is a prerequisite for an ideology. Unlike the case with the imported ideology, which would be unnatural (artificial) and to some extent requires coercion by a small group of people (minorities) who imported ideology. Pancasila is rooted in the worldview and philosophy of the nation, so that it meets requirements as an open ideology. Despite an ideology that is open, doesnt mean that openness is in such a way as to destroy or negate the ideology itself, which is an illogical. An ideology as a summary of the basic ideas are integrated and round without contradiction or contradictory in its aspects. Transparency divers three factors of Ideology Pancasila a. In the fact, national development processes and community dynamics rapidly growing. b. In the fact show, that the Ideological bankruptcy of the closed and freezing tends to dim due to his own development. c. Our experiences political history in the past. d. Willing to strengthen awareness of the basic values of Pancasila which is internal. Pancasila ideology of openness in its application primarily intended to form a dynamic thinking and conceptual in the modern world. We know there are three levels of value, the basic values that do not change the instrumental value as a means of realizing the basic values that can change according to circumstances and the practical value of the actual implementation of the real. Pancasila values outlined in the norms the norms contained Pancasila and reflected in the Preamble of the 1945 Constitution. Value or the basic norms contained in the Preamble of the 1945 Constitution should not be changed or modified. Because it is a choice and the resulting consensus that the basic rule is the fundamental basis of the state. Embodiment or implementation of instrumental values and practical values must still contain the soul and the spirit of the same basic value. 2. Closed Ideology Closed is the teaching of ideology or world view or philosophy that determines the purposes and norms of political and social, is ordained as a truth that should not be questioned again, but must be accepted as something already made and to be obeyed. Truth of a closed ideology should not be questioned based on the values or moral. Dogmatic and a priori content that cannot be changed or modified based on social experience. Because of this ideology that tolerates no worldview or other values. Characteristic â€Å"Ideology closed a closed ideology a few recognizable features† Ideology is not the ideals that have been living in the community, but of the ideals of an underlying group. Of a program to change and renew the community, Ideology is the enemy of tradition closed. If the group managed to seize political power, ideology will be imposed on society. Naturally, such a closed ideology to be imposed and applied by society adhered to certain elites, which means are run by authoritarian ways. Ideology is totalitarian normally closed, so concerns the whole of life. Which soon dominated the field completely and used for the spread of that ideology is a field that affects the attitudes of society, field of information to the mass and the other. Example ideology closed IPDN violence that occurred long before the case cliff Munthu Wahyu Hidayat who becomes victims of violence in IPDN. IPDN violence ingrained within the service was due some IPDN doctrine incorrectly interpret the service IPDN like touch the heart, if you cannot touch the solar plexus, if you cannot straighten break. Ideological characteristics of open and closed ideology are: Opened Ideology a. are the ideals that have been living in the community. b. Form the values and ideals that come from within the community itself. c. The results of consultation and consensus society. d. Is dynamic and reformist. Closed Ideology a. Is not goals that have been living in the community. b. Instead of values and ideals. c. Trust and rigid ideological loyalty. d. Consists of concrete and operational demands posed absolutely. According to Kaelan, the values contained in the ideology of Pancasila as an ideology is open are as follows: a) The basic value, that is the essence of the five precepts of Pancasila. b) The instrumental value, which is the direction, policy strategies, goals and implementation agency. c) Practical value, which is a realization of instrumental values in a realization that is the real practice, in everyday life in the community, nation and state. CHAPTER 2 Background of Ideology Indonesia/Pancasila I. Background of Pancasila BPUPKI 2 times the court held. At the First Session of the proposal appears to concept ideology, including: a) Mr. Muh. Yamin (May 29, 1945) In his speech on May 29, 1945 Muh. Yamin basic formula proposed candidate countries as follows: I. Nationality II. Humanitarian III. Elves Godhead IV. Populist (deliberative, wisdom) V. Welfare (social justice). In addition to the end of his speech, Muh. Yamin submit manuscripts as an attachment is a draft proposal contains a statement while the Constitution RI . b) Prof. Dr. Supomo (May 31, 1945) In his speech Prof. Dr. Supomo put tepid-state theory as follows: 1. The theory of individual countries (individualistic) 2. Understand the state class (class theory) 3. Understand intergalactic country. Further, in relation to the basic philosophy of the Indonesian state proposed Soepomo things about: unity, family, inner and outer balance, consultation, justice of the people. c) Ir. Sukarno (June 1, 1945) in this case Ir. Sukarno delivered state basis of five principles that basically namely: 1. Nationalism (nationality Indonesia) 2. Internationalism (humanity) 3. Social Prosperity 4. Belief in one God. He also suggested that Pancasila is the philosophical basis of the state and outlook of the nation of Indonesia. Session Meeting BPUPKI (first) that gave birth to the Jakarta Charter that declared on June 22, 1945 and signed by a small committee consisting BPUPKI formation of 9 people and is popular with the committee of nine whose members are as follows: 1.Ir.Soekarno 2.WahidHasyim 3.Mr.Muh.Yamin 4.Mr.Maramis 5.Drs.Moh.Hatta 6.Mr.Soebarjo 7.KyaiAbdulKaharMuzakir 8.AbikoesmoTjokrosujono 9.HajiAgusSalim II. Apply Ideology to our life As we know Pancasila Indonesia has opened and closed ideology. And we have been analyzing that ideology of Indonesia. So after we know about ideology, we must implement to our life. We have been already known in our country has five principles, and there are first principles until fifth principles: 1. Believe in one and only God/ the one lordship 2. Just and civilized humanity 3. The unity of Indonesia 4. Democracy which is guided by inner wisdom in the unanimity arising out of deliberation. 5. Social justice for the whole people of Indonesia In our life, automatically we can apply one or two principles. But its not enough for implement well ideology, because a lot of people just apply one or two principles, its not enough. As we know, in this era a lot of influenced from another country. Where the other country may be bring bad influenced or bad culture for Indonesian. But some bring a good influenced (we can see in another explain). We already know what the best for our life, and for Indonesian we must apply the first principles until fifth principles. Much method to apply that to our life, we can starts from the easy thing. But maybe somebody think is not important. If we want to know, if we apply that principle, we can see how to help people, respect the other people and so on. Its example some applying Pancasila in our life. The first principle: believe in one and only God/the one lordship a. Respect the other religions. b. Always pray. c. Do the good things. d. May not kill. The second principle: Justice civilized and humanity a. Dont kill people. b. Must be fair with the other people. c. Help or do social activities. d. Help each other. The third principle: The unity of Indonesia a. Filter bad influence form the other country. b. Build Indonesia together to be a good country. c. Never have bad feeling such us arrogance, joules, and etc. d. Protect Indonesia together. The fourth principles: Democracy which is guided by inner wisdom in the unanimity arising out of deliberations. a. Sit together to get agreement. b. Solve problem together. c. We must hear opinion from the other side. d. Take the best opinion for get the best. The fifth principle: social justice for the whole people of Indonesia a. All citizens in Indonesia have right for gets job and life with expediently b. Every citizen compulsorily gets educations. c. Every citizen deserve to gets healthcare. All principles, from first principles until fifth principles are connected and cannot separated. Because pancasila without first principles or the other principles incomplete. We should practice all principles. CHAPTER 3 How important is Pancasila for Indonesia Pancasila in Indonesia is very important, because Ideology Indonesia or Pancasila can awaken our spirit to build Indonesia to be better country than another country, provide guidance about the world and its content and build spirit to struggle to move against the occupation. Pancasila is the most important in Indonesia because Pancasila is Ideology for Indonesia, where that ideology has function for filter influence from Indonesia. Many people who study or work in neighbor country. When they back to Indonesia, they take along until they back to Indonesia. Because they has a long time to stayed in neighbors country, because that they familiar with western style. That influence had some impacts for Indonesia. The impact for Indonesia such us, Indonesian used a sexy clothes, used harsh words, more popular modern dance than traditional dance, and so on. Many culture in Indonesia where must we protect and we continue because a lot culture in Indonesia taken by another country. So, we must protect our culture. Impact for our relationship with the other country is the other country see our country is not good country because much Indonesian used a bad attitude. Maybe relationship between Indonesia with the other country is not good and so on. So, we must used a good attitude and filter influence from the other country, because influence from the other country is not good for Indonesian where Indonesia have religion and have principles for build good country. CHAPTER 4 How to filter influence from another country Like we know, some influence from the other county is bad but, some influence from the other country good for development in our country. Why we must filter influence from the other country? Almost people in Indonesia used bad attitude, where that attitude from the other country. As we know those influences have a right side and the wrong side. We can use the right side but for the wrong side we must remove from Indonesia. We can use Ideology of Indonesia or Pancasila. Many ways can we use to remove that influence from Indonesia. For the example we can use pancasila. We can see, what is having same meaning with the first principles or not. If not we can remove from our country, but if yes we can save for our country. Many point of view to look which one the right or wrong attitude. Example for the wrong side are used a harsh word, used sexy style from western, almost people more often eat junk food and so on. Example for the right side are Indonesia have a new style or mode, now world growth, and so on. The impact if Indonesia not filter the influence from the other country is Indonesian and the youth will have a bad attitude and may be no one can comply with rules in Indonesia. So, we should filter influence from the other country. CONCLUSION Now we know point of view from politic side, background of pancasila, the historical, how to filter influence from the other country, example from wrong side and the right side, and what impact if Indonesia not filter the influence from another country, why we must filter influence from the other country. We must protect our country from the other influence, where the influence is bad and we must protect our culture, because many our neighbor country want take our culture from Indonesia. So, we must keep and take care our country together. REFERENCES Background Historis PANCASILA www.wikipedia.com MY ZONE from book pendidikan kewarganegaraan II untuk SMK

Madness and Insanity in Shakespeares Hamlet - Is He Insane? :: Shakespeare Hamlet Essays

Hamlet: Is He Insane?         Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The term insanity means a mental disorder, whether it is temporary or permanent, that is used to describe a person when they don't know the difference between right or wrong.   They don't consider the nature of their actions due to the mental defect.(â€Å"Insanity†, sturtevant)   In William Shakespeare's play â€Å" Hamlet† Shakespeare leads you to believe that the main character, Hamlet, might be insane.   There are many clues to suggest Hamlet is insane but infact he is completely sane.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Throughout the play Hamlet makes wise decisions to prove he is not insane.   He knows exactly what he is leading up to.   He just delays to act due to his indecisiveness.   An example of this is in Act III, section III, line 73, Hamlet says â€Å"Now might I do it pat, now 'a is a-praying, and now I'll do it-and so ‘a goes to heaven, and so am I revenged that would be scanned. A villain kills my father, and for that, I, his sole son, do this same villain send to heaven. Why, this is hire and salary, not revenge.†Ã‚   He says here that he has his chance to kill his father's murder but, he is praying.   By killing him while he's praying his soul goes to heaven and this wouldn't be revenge. This is not a thought of an insane person.   An insane person would have completed the murder at this opportunity.   In Act III, scene I, line 55, â€Å"To be or not to be...†, Hamlet displays his indecisiveness by thinking about suicide because of the situation he is in.   He would rather be dead than live with the thought of his father's death going unavenged.   He is scared to get revenge because he found out from a ghost and he doesn't know what to do.   In line 83,† Thus conscience takes a major part in the thought and action of murder.   This is why he delays so long to commit the murder.   An insane person would not wait.   They would be more apt to act in impulse.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Hamlet's madness only existed when he was in the presence of certain characters.   When Hamlet is around Polonius, Claudius, Gertrude, Ophelia, Rosencrantz, and Gildenstern, he behaves irrationally.   For example in Act II, section II, Polonius asks Hamlet,† Do you know me, my Lord?†Ã‚   Hamlet replies,† Excellent well, you are a fischmonger†.   Hamlet pretends not to know who Polonius is, even though he is Ophelia's father.   When Hamlet is around Horatio, Bernardo, Fransisco, the players and the Gravediggers, he behaves rationally. In Act I, section V, lines 165-180, Hamlet says â€Å"How strange or odd some'er